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- July 21, 1986"They Broke the Mold"Hyman George Rickover: 1900-1986
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- Flouting the rules is no way to get ahead in an institution
- steeped in tradition. But Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, who died
- last week at his home near Washington at the age of 86, often
- treated the U.S. Navy--and its rules--with contempt. He ignored
- orders he did not like, wore his uniform sparingly and preferred
- bluntness to civility. Still, he survived in the service for
- more than 63 years, longer than any other officer in U.S. naval
- history. Adjectives--brilliant, egotistic, rude,
- unorthodox--clung to Rickover like barnacles to boats. Yet it
- was the diminutive (5 ft. 5 in.) Rickover who first grasped the
- potential of nuclear power at sea and who tugged and cajoled a
- reluctant Navy to develop and install reactors in submarines.
- Today "the silent service" fostered by Rickover is the
- foundation of U.S. sea power, and missile-launching subs make
- up the least vulnerable leg of the U.S. strategic triad.
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- Born to Jewish parents north of Warsaw, Rickover moved from
- Poland to the U.S. at age four. While working as a Western
- Union messenger boy in Chicago, he won an appointment to
- Annapolis in 1918. At the Naval Academy, he stuck to his
- studies, shunned sports and dating, and graduated in the top
- fifth of his class. After more than 20 years as an electrical
- engineer, the restless Rickover in 1946 was posted to Oak Ridge,
- Tenn., where research was under way on atomic reactors. Rickover
- believed the Navy could extend its reach and free itself of the
- need to refuel ships if nuclear power plants could be squeezed
- into submarines' tiny hulls. Rickover's work eventually spawned
- not only the first nuclear-powered sub, the Nautilus, launched
- in January 1955, but the first civilian nuclear power reactor,
- at Shippingport, Pa. Today more than 150 of 554 U.S. naval
- vessels steam under nuclear power; American submarines can stay
- submerged for months and traverse the waters beneath the polar
- ice caps.
-
- The lure of the new nuclear technology and its strategic
- importance appealed to many young naval officers. But winning
- a spot in Rickover's Navy was not easy: prospective submariners
- often had to sit before the old curmudgeon on an unbalanced
- chair whose front legs had been sawed off by several inches.
- The admiral's mean streak was legendary. He had no tolerance
- for defects in men or their work, and he sacked many an officer
- for being "stupid." Others, like a young ensign named Jimmy
- Carter, went on to better things.
-
- But the man who was clairvoyant on the role of nuclear power
- proved less than visionary in other areas. Behaving like an
- ordinary bureaucrat, Rickover routinely demanded that a
- disproportionate share of Navy dollars go to his nuclear ship
- programs. Some naval analysts also say that Rickover's
- single-minded belief in large pressurized- water reactors drove
- the Navy to build bigger, if not necessarily better, submarines
- while overlooking possible alternatives in propulsion design.
- Soviet submarines can now dive deeper and go faster, and are
- narrowing U.S. advantages like quietness. Notes Norman Polmar,
- a Rickover biographer: "In the '50s, Rickover was a technical
- visionary. By the '60s, he was a reactionary."
-
- Nonetheless, Rickover's work earned him great influence in
- Congress, which the admiral used to his maximum advantage.
- After the Navy denied Captain Rickover a rear admiral's stripes
- in 1952, a Senate committee in 1953 balked at promoting 39 other
- captains until he was included. Facing mandatory retirement in
- 1964, he kept putting it off by successfully appealing to
- Presidents every two years until 1982. Even then, he resigned
- only against his will. Though he earned a reputation for
- bullying fat-cat defense contractors, Rickover was censured by
- Navy Secretary John Lehman in 1985 for accepting $68,703 in
- gifts and trinkets from General Dynamics Corp.
-
- In the twilight of his career, Rickover was ambivalent about
- the machines he had helped create. In his final appearance
- before Congress, in 1982, Rickover described his nuclear-powered
- ships as "a necessary evil" to maintain peace but said he would
- "sink them all" if he could. "I think the human race is going
- to wreck itself, and it's important that we get control of this
- horrible force and try to eliminate it," he said.
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- Secretary Lehman last week paid mixed homage to the prickly old
- salt by noting, "Admiral Rickover was Admiral Rickover...They
- broke the mold." Hyman Rickover was a man marred by an excess
- of arrogance, but his rude genius nevertheless proved to be one
- of the Navy's greatest assets at the dawn of the Atomic Age.
-
- --By Michael Duffy. Reported by Bruce van Voorst/Washington
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